In the past, it was commonly believed that marketing and sustainability were opposite
terms, since marketing was usually perceived as the promotion of more consumption while
sustainability promoted less consumption (Jones et al., 2008). Furthermore, marketing was
seen as incompatible with sustainability, since higher consumer satisfaction was usually
associated with higher abuse of the environment (Peattie, 1995; Van Dam and Apeldoorn,
1996; and Leonidou, and Leonidou, 2011). Nevertheless, these areas of research have
become closely connected due to a high concern for the environment. Therefore, the
question of how to incorporate sustainability (Charter and Clark, 2007; Nidumolu et al.,
2009; De Medeiros et al., 2014; and Walz and Koehler, 2014) into marketing strategies has
become an important question in the marketing field (Jones et al., 2008; and Leonidou,
and Leonidou, 2011).
Sustainable marketing currently includes a broad range of marketing activities,
including product modifications, changes in the production process, changes in packaging,
and changes in marketing communication (Grundey and Zaharia, 2008). The concept of
sustainable marketing has been applied to products and services (Peattie, 1992, Porter and
Van der Linde, 1995; James, 1997; Maxwell and van der Vorst, 2003; Chen, 2010; and
Gmelin and Seuring, 2014), companies (Collins et al., 2010), places (Gilmore et al., 2007;
Woodland and Acott, 2007; and Collins et al., 2010) or even events (Li et al., 2013).
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